Egyptian Solar Calendar Views

• General Goods

The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 360 days long and was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus five extra days (epagomenae, from Greek ἐπαγόμεναι) at the end of the year. The months were divided into three weeks of ten days each. Because the ancient Egyptian year was almost a quarter of a day shorter than the solar year and stellar events therefore wandered through the calendar, it has been referred to as the annus vagus, or wandering year .

The Egyptians may have used a luni-solar calendar at an earlier date, with the intercalation of an extra month regulated either by the heliacal rising of Sothis or by the inundation of the fields by the Nile.[3] The first inundation according to the calendar was observed in Egypt's first capital, Memphis, at the same time as the heliacal rising of Sirius. The Egyptian year was divided into the three seasons of akhet (Inundation), peret (Growth - Winter) and shemu (Harvest - Summer).

In 224 CE, Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, added five days at the end of the year, and named them ‘Gatha’ or ‘Gah’ days after the ancient Zoroastrian hymns of the same name. This was a modification of the 365-day calendar adopted by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE, based on the Egyptian solar calendar. Iranians had known about the Egyptian system for centuries but never used it. The new system created confusion and met resistance. Many rites were practiced over many days to make sure no holy days were missed. To this day many Zoroastrian feasts have two dates.

The first sighting of the morning rising of Sirius always happened every 365 days. Over time it was found that about every four years, Sirius would be sighted 366 days after the previous sighting. This day was celebrated in Egypt as The Feast of the Opening of the Year, the first day of the Egyptian new year. And this was the first calendar in history to measure the Sun's annual cycle instead of the monthly cycles of the Moon's phases. In this manner, Sirius was the important calendar star for measuring the solar year.

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